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Views: 0 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2023-03-24 Origin: Site
Lycopene is a natural carotenoid with strong antioxidant properties. Its physiological properties in quenching of singlet oxygen, scavenging of free radicals, blocking the formation of nitrosamines, inhibiting cell
proliferation, inducing cell differentiation, increasing immunity, reducing DNA damage and cell gap junction communication, etc. and its application in health food are highly valued by the world and have become a new hot spot for health food research in the international market, showing a broad development prospect.
Lycopene is known to physically and chemically burst singlet oxygen or capture peroxyl radicals. Monoclinic oxygen is a very active oxygen radical with cytotoxic effect, the cell membrane, mitochondria and other parts of the most sensitive to it, can interact with a variety of biological macromolecules in the cell, by binding to molecules causing damage to the cell membrane system; lycopene can accept energy from different electronically excited states, absorb light energy and through the monoclinic state - monoclinic energy transfer process to make Lycopene is capable of accepting energy from different electronic excited states, absorbing light energy and transferring it to lycopene through a monoclinic-monoclinic energy transfer process, resulting in a ground state oxygen molecule and a triplet lycopene molecule, which is regenerated through a series of spin and vibration reactions with the solvent and dissipates the energy in the process; the bursting ability of carotenoids is closely related to the number of conjugated double bonds contained in their molecules, with 11 conjugated double bonds in the lycopene molecule, and one lycopene In 1990, Paolo et al. reported the effect of more than 30 biological antioxidants, including carotenoids and tocopherols, on the bursting of singlet oxygen, and lycopene was the strongest bursting singlet oxygen.
Lycopene also eliminates oxidative radicals through chemical reactions with other forms of reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide, nitrite, and other oxidative radicals, which can cause lipid peroxidation to form a variety of products that are associated with human aging, cancer development, autoimmune diseases, and anemia, among other diseases.
Usually, there are channels composed of membrane proteins between cell interstitial spaces, which are selectively permeable and allow the passage of second messengers and growth-regulating substances, and cells transmit growth-regulating signals within the cell population through gap junctional communication (GJIC), which regulates normal cell proliferation and differentiation. Experiments have shown that lycopene inhibits tumor growth by inducing intercellular junctions, enhancing GJIC between normal cells, controlling cell growth and inducing cell differentiation. When Japanese scholars studied the effect of lycopene on GJIC by fluorescent dye tracing technique on rat liver tissue, they found that feeding 5 mg/kg BW lycopene daily for 5 d significantly enhanced GJIC function; meanwhile, since most tumor cells have weak or absent GJIC function, their GJIC function was reduced or inhibited after cell transformation occurred, and inhibition of GJIC function or being disruption of GJIC function is thought to be an important mechanism in the pro-carcinogenic stage.
Lycopene is a hypocholesterolemic agent that inhibits macrophage 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl monoacyl coenzyme A, which is a rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol biosynthesis. It was found that the addition of lycopene to the media of cultured macrophages decreased their cholesterol synthesis, while lycopene also increased macrophage low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity. It was also shown that lycopene supplementation with 60 mg of lycopene per day for 3 months in humans reduced cytoplasmic LDL cholesterol concentrations by 14%.
The above biological properties of lycopene determine its various health functions such as antioxidant, mutation inhibition, reduction of nucleic acid damage, reduction of cardiovascular diseases and cancer prevention.
Lycopene has tumor prevention and inhibition effects, on the one hand, because of its antioxidant effect; on the other hand, lycopene can block the genetic mutation process of tissue cells under the action of external mutagens, which is one of the important mechanisms of tumor generation. Lycopene has been found to affect the S-phase of the cell cycle in breast, lung, and uterine cancers; it affects cell growth by inhibiting the Gl-to-S transition phase of the cell cycle; and it effectively inhibits the production of carcinogens and tumorigenesis by inhibiting the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and the formation of heterocyclic amines produced in the browning reaction of fried and grilled meat and fish. Studies have shown that lycopene has inhibited digestive tract cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer, and bladder cancer.
In the 1950s, medical experts in the United States reported for the first time that lycopene had anti-cancer effects, and later, after epidemiological investigations and many animal experiments, it was proved that lycopene did have the effect of preventing and inhibiting malignant tumors. 1985-1991, the Italian Institute of Medical Research conducted cancer prevention trials with high doses of lycopene, which confirmed that serum lycopene concentration was negatively correlated with the incidence of gastric cancer. Lycopene can reduce the incidence of tumors; Japanese medical institutions on the incidence of gastric cancer in four different regions of the survey found that the higher the concentration of plasma lycopene, the lower the incidence of gastric cancer; in 1992, the United States Harvard Medical School test proved that the level of lycopene in the blood and pancreatic cancer is negatively correlated; experts on 47,000 men after six years of research confirmed that the high content of lycopene in the blood of those suffering from Clinical trials have shown that lycopene may play a decisive role in the treatment of patients with prostate cancer; skin experiments using ultraviolet light have shown that the concentration of lycopene in irradiated skin decreases, indicating that lycopene may be involved in the process of defense against skin cancer; in 1997, the American Cancer Research Conference and the American Cancer Society's annual report pointed out that tomatoes have good anti-cancer effects. In 1997, the annual report of the American Cancer Research Conference and the American Cancer Society pointed out that tomatoes have good anti-cancer effects and recommended tomatoes as an anti-cancer food.
Several researchers have suggested that lycopene has the potential to prevent cardiovascular disease due to its ability to protect LDL from oxidative damage and regulate cholesterol metabolism. Dutch scholars have measured the carotenoid content of subcutaneous fat in patients with myocardial infarction and found that the lycopene content of patients was lower than that of healthy individuals, and the beta-carotene content was also significantly lower than that of normal humans, indicating that these carotenoids are closely related to the occurrence of myocardial infarction; studies have confirmed that taking natural lycopene can lower serum cholesterol, and using lycopene to prevent high cholesterol or hyperlipidemia can slow the progression of cardiovascular disease. Another study found that patients with hyperlipidemia who did not receive lipid-lowering therapy had lower serum lycopene and alpha-carotene concentrations than normal subjects.
The antioxidant effect of lycopene can effectively inhibit oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, enzymes, and DNA. For example, lycopene protects the skin from UV damage. When the skin is exposed to UV light, lycopene in the skin binds preferentially to free radicals, thus protecting the tissues and cells in the skin from damage due to oxidation. Researchers gave 10 healthy women 28 mg of beta-carotene and 2 mg of lycopene for 1 to 2 months, resulting in a reduction in the area and extent of UV-induced erythema; recent studies have found that limiting UV exposure can reduce the concentration of lycopene in the skin by 31% to 46%, thus inferring that lycopene in the skin plays a role in UV protection and may also be involved in the process of defending the skin against carcinogenesis .
Scientific experiments have shown that lycopene can improve the quality of men's sperm. It was found that infertile men between 23 and 45 years of age took lycopene orally twice a day at 2 mg each time, and after 3 months of the experiment, the concentration, motility and shape of the subjects' sperm were examined and found to be good, and that oral lycopene, in the treatment of male infertility of unknown cause, had a positive effect.
As an antioxidant, lycopene can significantly reduce the oxidative damage to lymphocyte DNA caused by peroxidation in the body, slow down the formation of atherosclerosis and other functions, it is 100 times more effective than vitamin E. Monoclinic oxygen and free radicals are the most important causes of human aging and are also related to the body's immune capacity. Lycopene protects phagocytes from their own oxidative damage, promotes the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes, stimulates the function of effector T cells, enhances the ability of macrophages and T cells to kill tumor cells, reduces oxidative damage to lymphocyte DNA, and promotes the production of certain interleukins. Experiments have shown that lymphocyte damage to DNA can be reduced by 33% and 42% in people who ingest tomatoes treated with hydrogen peroxide in vitro. Scientists studying nine normal adult women who consumed 25 g of tomato juice (containing 7 mg of lycopene and 0.3 mg of beta-carotene) daily for 14 d showed a significant increase in the concentration of lycopene in plasma and lymphocytes, a decrease of about 50% in lymphocyte DNA damage, and an increase in the concentration of beta-carotene only in plasma.
Lycopene's health care functions cover a wide range of aspects such as delaying aging, preventing cancer, enhancing body immunity, improving atherosclerosis, as well as beauty and anti-UV radiation, etc. Therefore, lycopene has gradually become a new hot spot for health food research in the international market. In the use of the way, now mainly food additives and pigments, at the same time the global lycopene as raw material has been developed more than 140 kinds of drugs, foreign countries have appeared, including injections and other categories of products, including Israel represents the international advanced level, India also began to develop the treatment of prostate disease for the purpose of lycopene drugs. According to incomplete statistics, the foreign listing of lycopene containing health food, functional food and cosmetics have hundreds of species, Italy, France, Japan and other countries have a considerable market for lycopene products, the total global sales of lycopene in 2003 about 30,000 kg, total sales of $ 9 million to $ 10 million, sales are expected to increase by more than 35% this year, the total sales will increase to 40,000 kg. According to the U.S. CMR at the end of 2002 forecast lycopene sales will grow 35% per year, is expected to reach 400 million to 500 million U.S. dollars in 2 to 3 years of sales volume. At present, Germany, Israel, Switzerland, Japan and other countries in the natural products and chemical synthesis in the world's leading level, Israel's Lycored Natuial Indusuies Ltd, in the field of production technology in the world's advanced level, has the world's largest natural lycopene production plant, is not only the world's largest lycopene supplier, but also the It is not only the world's largest supplier of lycopene, but also the owner of the LYCORED brand.
